1. Kedu otu esi ahọrọ Dicarboxylic Acids maka nhazi Polyester Polyol?

Asịd Asịd: Ime ka ike na iguzogide okpomọkụ dịkwuo mma

Asịd Isophthalic (IPA) na Asịd Terephthalic (PTA)

A na-ejikarị asịd dicarboxylic eme ihe iji melite ọrụ nke ọma:

Asịd Terephthalic (PTA)nwere usoro kwụ ọtọ nke ukwuu na ọchịchọ siri ike nke kristal.

Mgbe PTA meghachiri omume na diol dị mkpụmkpụ dịka ethylene glycol (EG) ma ọ bụ 1,4-butanediol (BDO), nhazi polyester nke na-esi na ya apụta nwere ike igosi àgwà kristal siri ike, na-eme ka polyester polyol ghọọ waxy ma ọ bụ sie ike na okpomọkụ ụlọ.

Nke a nwere ike ibelata:

• ✖Nhazi mmiri
• ✖Nchekwa kwụsiri ike
• ✖Ngwa dị mfe

Ya mere, a naghị eji polyol polyester dị ọcha nke dabeere na PTA naanị ya n'ụdị ihe eji eme ihe.

Asịd Isophthalic (IPA)nwere usoro molekul na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe n'ihi na otu carboxyl abụọ ahụ dị na ọnọdụ meta. Nke a na-ebelata ọchịchọ nke kristal ma na-eme ka mmiri kwụsie ike.

Polyol polyester nke dabeere na IPA na-enyekarị:

• ✔Tg Ka Elu
• ✔Nghọta ka mma
• ✔Mmeziwanye usoro mmegharị

N'ọtụtụ usoro mmepụta ihe, a na-ewebata IPA yana PTA ma ọ bụ aliphatic acid iji mee ka ike na mgbanwe dịkwuo mma.

Acid Aliphatic: Mgbanwe Dị Ukwuu

Adịpik Acid (AA)

Adipic acid bụ otu n'ime asịd aliphatic dicarboxylic a na-ejikarị eme ihe na mmepụta polyester polyol.

Agbụ ígwè carbon isii ya na-agbanwe agbanwe na-enye:

• •Mgbanwe dị ala
• •Ezi ike mgbanwe
• •Mbelata Tg

Polyol polyester nke dabere na Adipic acid na-enwekarị uru Tg n'etiti ihe dị ka afọ 20.-60°C ruo -40°C, dabere na nhazi molekul.

Nhazi a na-enyere aka na:

• •Ike nrụgide dị elu
• •Ezigbo iguzogide abrasion
• •Ọrụ igwe dị mma nke ukwuu

Sebacik Acid (SA)

Sebacic acid nwere ogologo carbon agbụ karịa adipic acid.

Uru:

• ✔Mgbanwe dị elu
• ✔Arụmọrụ obere okpomọkụ ka mma
• ✔Njirimara hydrophobic ka mma

Agbanyeghị, n'ihi ọnụ ahịa ya dị elu, a na-ejikarị SA eme ihe na ngwa polyurethane dị elu ebe achọrọ ka iguzogide oyi dịkwuo mma.

Ihe Ndị Dị na Acid Ọrụ: Dimer Acid na Phthalic Anhydride

Acid Dimer

Dimer acid nwere ihe ndị a:

• •Agbụ ígwè molekụla ndị dị ogologo na-agbanwe agbanwe
• •Njirimara hydrophobic
• •Mgbanwe ka mma
• •Nguzogide hydrolysis ka mma

Agbanyeghị, mmụba nke ọdịnaya dimer acid nwere ike ibelata Tg na ike ya. A na-ewere ya maka sistemụ polyurethane nke chọrọ mgbanwe na iguzogide mmiri.

Anhydride nke Phthalic (PA)

Phthalic anhydride bụ ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ dị ọnụ ala ma na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma.

Ọ nwere ike imeziwanye:

• ✔Ike siri ike
• ✔Isi ike
• ✔Asọmpi ọnụ ahịa

Agbanyeghị, n'ihi mmetụta steric, mmeghachi omume otu njedebe ya dị ala ma e jiri ya tụnyere IPA.

Atụmatụ Nhazi Acid A Na-ahụkarị

Usoro nhazi polyester polyester a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ:

• •Acid aromatic: na-enye ike na nkwụsi ike
• •Acid Aliphatic: na-enye mgbanwe na ike

A ga-agbanwe oke kpọmkwem mgbe niile dịka ngwa ebumnuche si dị.

2. Kedu otu esi ahọrọ Diols maka imewe Polyester Polyol?

Ethylene Glycol (EG)

Ethylene glycol bụ diol kachasị mfe eji eme ihe na kemịkalụ polyester.

N'ihi obere nhazi molekul ya, EG na-enye:

• •Usoro nhazi dị elu
• •Ọchịchọ siri ike nke kristal

Mgbe ejikọtara ya na PTA, EG nwere ike ịmepụta usoro kristal dị ka PET, nke nwere ike ime ka polyester polyols sie ike na okpomọkụ ụlọ. Ya mere, polyol polyester dị ọcha nke dabeere na EG abụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị.

N'ime usoro bara uru, a na-ejikọta EG na:

iji gbanwee kristal na arụmọrụ nhazi.

Otu uru dị mkpa nke EG bụ ya:

• ✔Ọnụ ala
• ✔Ọdịdị sara mbara

Maka mmepụta polyester polyol dabere na ihe PET emegharịgharịrị, EG ka bụ ihe dị mkpa.

Diethylene Glycol (DEG)

DEG na-etinye njikọ ether n'ime agbụ polyester.

Njikọ ether na-agbanwe agbanwe na-enye:

• •Tg dị ala
• •Mbelata viscosity
• •Arụmọrụ eruba ka mma

A na-ejikarị polyester polyester nke DEG eme ihe mgbe nhazi mgbanwe dị mkpa.

Agbanyeghị, njikọ ether nwere ike inwe obere iguzogide okpomọkụ ogologo oge. Ya mere, a na-ejikọkarị sistemụ DEG na diol ndị kwụsiri ike dịka NPG.

Neopentyl Glycol (NPG)

NPG nwere nhazi carbon nke nwere otu methyl abụọ.

Ọdịdị pụrụ iche a na-egbochi mmegharị molekul ma na-enye:

• •Tg Ka Elu
• •Ezigbo nkwụsi ike okpomọkụ
• •Ike iguzogide ihu igwe dị elu
• •Mmezi iguzogide hydrolysis ka mma

N'ihi ogologo oge ya dị mma, a na-ejikarị NPG eme ihe na:

• •mkpuchi PU
• •Ngwa dị n'èzí
• •Sistemụ polyurethane na-eguzogide ihu igwe

1,4-Butanediol (BDO)

1,4-Butanediol bụ otu n'ime diol kachasị mkpa eji eme ihe na polyurethane elastomer na TPU.

Nhazi eriri carbon anọ ya na-enye:

• •Usoro nhazi dị mma
• •Mmekọrịta siri ike nke intermolecular
• •Njirimara igwe dị mma

Mgbe ejikọtara ya na asịd aromatic dị ka PTA, BDO nwere ike ịmepụta akụkụ kristal dị oke mma dịka usoro PBT.

Nke a na-enyere aka na:

• ✔Ike nrụgide dị elu
• ✔Nguzogide abrasion ka mma
• ✔Njikọ anụ ahụ ka mma

Agbanyeghị, oke BDO nwere ike ime ka kristal dịkwuo mma, na-eme ka polyester polyols ghọọ waxy ma ọ bụ sie ike na okpomọkụ ụlọ.

Iji melite arụmọrụ nhazi, a na-ejikọta BDO na:

iji belata oke kristal ma nọgide na-enwe ike igwe.

Trimethylolpropane (TMP): Iwebata alaka a na-achịkwa

Trimethylolpropane (TMP) bụ mmanya na-arụ ọrụ nke nwere otu hydroxyl atọ. N'adịghị ka diol nkịtị, TMP na-ewebata usoro alaka ka ọ bụrụ polyester polyols.

Obere TMP nwere ike ịbawanye:

• •Njikọta molekụla
• •Njupụta njikọ
• •Ike polyurethane ikpeazụ

A na-ejikarị TMP eme ihe mgbe a na-emepụta ihe ndị a:

• •Ihe mkpuchi polyurethane dị elu
• •Sistemụ PU siri ike
• •Ndị na-emepụta polyurethane alaka

N'ọtụtụ usoro, a na-achịkwa ọdịnaya TMP nke ọma n'ihi na oke alaka nwere ike ime ka viscosity dịkwuo elu ma belata ike nhazi.

3. Kedu otu esi edozi oke mmanya na acid dị na nhazi Polyester Polyol?

Oke Mmanya Na-aba n'Anya

N'ime mmepụta polyester polyol, a na-ejikarị ihe ndị dị n'ime mmanya eme ihe karịa iji nweta nhazi hydroxyl kwụsịrị.

Maka polyester polyester polyol dị obere, oke mmanya nwere ike ịbawanye ruo:1.8–2.0: 1

Ọnụọgụ hydroxyl dị elu na-enye otu hydroxyl ndị na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma maka ịmepụta polyurethane.

Agbanyeghị, oke mmanya nwere ike ibelata ibu molekul ma nwee mmetụta ọjọọ na:

Ya mere, a ghaghị ime ka oke mmanya na-aba n'anya na acid dịkwuo mma dịka ngwa polyurethane ikpeazụ si dị.

Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti oke mmanya na uru acid

N'oge mmepụta polyester polyol, a na-ewepụ mmiri e mepụtara mgbe niile iji mee ka mmeghachi omume esterification na condensation gaa n'ihu.

Ọ bụrụ na oke mmanya ahụ ezughi oke:

• •Ngụkọta asịd ka dị elu
• •Mmeghachi omume na-aghọ nwayọ nwayọ
• •Uru acid ikpeazụ na-esi ike ibelata

Uru acid dị obere dị mkpa n'ihi na asịd fọdụrụ nwere ike imetụta mmeghachi omume polyurethane. Mgbe polyester polyol meghachiri omume na isocyanates, mmiri fọdụrụ na ihe ndị dị na acid nwere ike itinye aka na:

Maka ọtụtụ ngwa polyurethane, njikwa uru acid dị n'okpuru:1 mg KOH/gbụ ihe dị mkpa a chọrọ iji mara àgwà.

4. Otu esi ahọrọNdị na-akpali akpalimaka Mmepụta Polyester Polyol?

Nhọrọ dị n'etiti TBT na BTO dabere na:

5. Njikwa Usoro Mmepụta Polyester Polyol

Isi usoro gụnyere:

1. Nhazi ọkwa
2. Polycondensation
3. Mgbanwe nke uru hydroxyl na uru acid

Nzọụkwụ 1: Usoro nhazi

N'oge usoro esterification, a na-etinye ihe ndị a n'ime reactor:

Mmeghachi omume ahụ na-amalitekarị na ihe dị ka:180°C

A na-ewepụ mmiri sitere na esterification site na:

• •Mbelata nitrogen
• •Sistemụ condenser

Enwere ike inyocha ọganihu mmeghachi omume site na:

• •Ọnụọgụ nchịkọta mmiri
• •Nnwale uru acid

Nzọụkwụ nke 2: Ogbo Polycondensation

Mgbe esterification gasịrị, sistemụ ahụ na-abanye na ọkwa polycondensation.

Ọnọdụ ndị a na-ahụkarị:

• •Okpomọkụ:200–220°C
• •Mbelata nrụgide: ọrụ vacuum

Mmiri na-eme ka ihe ghara ịdị ọcha na-enyere aka iwepụ mmiri fọdụrụ na mmanya na-aba n'anya gabigara ókè, na-akwalite uto nke ihe ndị dị ndụ.

Agbanyeghị, oke okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ oge mmeghachi omume ogologo oge nwere ike ibute mmeghachi omume ndị ọzọ, mmụba agba, na mmebi nke polymer. Ya mere, a ga-achịkwa ọnọdụ usoro nke ọma.

Nzọụkwụ nke 3: Njikwa Ebe Ngwụcha

N'adịghị ka PET polymerization, mmepụta polyester polyol anaghị achọ nnukwu mmụba nke ibu molekul. Ihe ngosi kachasị mma bụ:

Ebumnuche ụlọ ọrụ a na-ahụkarị:Uru asịd <1 mg KOH/gtupu a chụpụ ya.

Enweghị oghere ikuku zuru oke bụ otu n'ime ihe kpatara ya:

• ✖Mmiri fọdụrụ dị elu
• ✖Uru acid dị elu
• ✖Ọrụ polyurethane adịghị mma

6. Nchịkọta Nhazi Polyol Polyester

Ihe Nhazi	Mgbanwe Isi	Ụkpụrụ Nhọrọ	Oke nkịtị
Isi ike nke ọkpụkpụ azụ	IPA, PTA, AA, SA	Asịd ísì na-eme ka ike sie ike ka mma; aliphatic acid na-eme ka ike gbanwee ngwa ngwa ka mma	IPA/AA ≈ 7:3
Mgbanwe Tg	EG, DEG, NPG, BDO	EG na-eme ka kristal dịkwuo mma; DEG na-ebelata viscosity; NPG na-eme ka ike dịkwuo mma; BDO ​​na-eme ka ike dịkwuo mma	Dabere na ngwa
Njikwa ibu molekụla	Oke mmanya-na-asiidị	Mmanya gabigara ókè na-emepụta ihe owuwu ndị na-akwụsị na hydroxyl	Mmanya/Asịd = 1.3
Nhọrọ nke onye na-eme ka ihe sie ike	TBT vs BTO	TBT maka mmeghachi omume ngwa ngwa; BTO maka nkwụsi ike hydrolysis ka mma	BTO 0.2–0.5‰
Njikwa alaka	TMP/Glycerol	Mgbakwunye obere na-eme ka njupụta njikọ dị n'etiti dịkwuo mma	TMP ≤3 mol%

7. Kedu ka imewe Polyester Polyol si emetụta arụmọrụ Polyurethane?

Ngwa	Nhazi Polyester Polyol akwadoro
Ngwakọta PU	Polyol polyester dabere na AA na-agbanwe agbanwe maka nrapado siri ike na ike siri ike
Mkpuchi PU	Sistemụ IPA/NPG maka ike na iguzogide ihu igwe
Elastamọ TPU	Sistemụ AA + BDO maka ike igwe na nguzogide abrasion
Mmiri PU	Polyol polyester na-eguzogide hydrolysis nwere sistemụ mkpali kachasị mma
Akpụkpọ anụ sịntetik	Polyol polyester na-agbanwe agbanwe nwere nro a na-achịkwa

Ihe achọrọ maka ngwa → Ebumnuche arụmọrụ → Nhọrọ Monomer → Nhazi nhazi molekul → Nhọrọ onye na-akpali akpali → Nhazi usoro